A patient with penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococcal endocarditis and unusual reactions to vancomycin.

There is a paucity of data regarding the treatment of endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci (PR-VGS). We report a 16-year-old girl who had native-valve endocarditis due to PR-VGS which was identified as Streptococcus mitis. She also had unusual reactions to vancomycin. Eighteen hours after initiation of 50 mg/kg/day vancomycin, she developed a maculopapular rash, then at 48 hours she developed an intermittent high fever and a progressive decrease in peripheral leukocytes and platelets. She developed hypotension on Day 8. Her serum C-reactive protein and procalcitonin levels were high. All reactions improved after vancomycin was discontinued and oral prednisolone was started. This unusual combination of reactions to vancomycin was likely caused by immune and nonimmune mechanisms. Her endocarditis was successfully treated with cefotaxime 200 mg/kg/ day for 4 weeks.

Assessment of pulmonary artery stenosis using freehand "flock of birds" digital color three-dimensional echocardiographic reconstruction.

Pulmonary artery (PA) trunk or branch PA stenosis is commonly found in patients with congenital heart disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the freehand "Flock of Birds" color Doppler three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction on a modeled-segment imitating PA stenosis. First, a PA model was created from latex tubes to simulate the main PA and its main branches with baseline cross-sectional areas (CSA) of 0.7 cm2. A series of narrowed segments in the right and left PA were created. The cross-sections of the smallest area ranged from 0.13 to 0.59 cm2 and stenotic segmental length ranged from 0.17 to 1.80 cm. The dimensions of these elements mounted on to the model were verified by intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. Next, pulsatile flows at 60 beats/ min were generated through the system. A GE/VingMed System FiVe with magnetic locator system (Flock of Birds) on a 3.5 MHz transducer was used to acquire a freehand sweep for ECG gated 3D data acquisition of color Doppler flows through the model. The images were reconstructed by EchoPac 3D software and the morphology of the stenotic elements were determined. The results revealed that the narrowest CSA determined by the 3D color flow cast of the pulmonary artery were in excellent agreement with IVUS CSA (r = 0.98, p < 0.001, SEE = 0.04 cm2). The stenotic length estimated from 3D was also in good agreement with the IVUS (r = 0.98, p < 0.001, SEE = 0.03 cm). In addition, complex morphology of the stenosis was well visualized by this technique. As a result, the noninvasive free-hand digital color 3D echocardiography can be adopted for the accurate assessment of the severity and morphology of PA stenosis in patients with congenital heart diseases.

Treatment of Kawasaki disease with a moderate dose (1 g/kg) of intravenous immunoglobulin.

BACKGROUND: Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile illness recognized most often in young children. Coronary abnormality is the most serious complication preventable with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) administration. Various treatment regimens of IVIG have been reported. OBJECTIVE: To determine initial treatment failure and prevalence of coronary artery abnormality (CAA) in Kawasaki disease (KD) treated with a moderate dose (1 g/kg) of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). METHOD: All patients with a diagnosis of KD who had initial treatment with 1 g/kg of IVIG at Ramathibodi Hospital between 1994 and 1998 were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: Thirty-one of 41(76%) patients responded completely to a single treatment with a moderate dose of IVIG (group A). The second dose of 1 g/kg of IVIG was required in 7 patients (17%) due to persistent fever more than 48 hours after the initial treatment (group B), and 3 patients (7%) required 3 doses of 1 g/kg of IVIG due to persistent fever after the second dose (group C). During the convalescent phase, there were 19 per cent, 29 per cent and 100 per cent of the patients in group A, B and C, respectively who developed CAA with an overall rate of 27 per cent. After 1-year follow-up, the prevalence of CAA had decreased to 3 per cent, 0 per cent and 67 per cent in the according groups with overall rate of 9.6 per cent. Only 1 patient in group C developed a giant aneurysm of the right coronary artery. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of a moderate dose (1 g/kg) of IVIG in preventing CAA is lower than that of the high dose regimen (2 g/kg) reported previously. Short duration of fever before starting IVIG and low hemoglobin level may be the risk factors of unresponsiveness to moderate-dose IVIG.

The right and left ventricular function after surgical correction with pericardial monocusp in tetralogy of fallot: mid-term result.

BACKGROUND: Surgical repair of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with reconstruction of the right ventricular (RV) outflow tract invariably results in pulmonary regurgitation (PR). Chronic PR has been associated with RV dysfunction and ventricular arrhythmia. Pericardial monocusp has recently been used at Ramathibodi Hospital to preserve pulmonary valve function. OBJECTIVES: First, to study the competency of the pericardial monocusp, one-year after correction. Second, to assess the right and left ventricular (LV) functions after surgery. Third, to assess correlation between severity of PR and the characters of electrocardiography (ECG) and chest X-ray (CXR) after correction. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted in patients who, had undergone total correction for TOF at least one year ago. The past medical history was retrospectively reviewed from the medical records. The patients who underwent surgical correction with and without pericardial monocusp were recruited into group I and group II, respectively. The clinical symptoms, QRS duration from ECG, and cardio-thoracic (CT) ratio from CXR were analyzed. From the echocardiographic standpoint, the LV systolic function was determined by LV fractional shortening (LVFS), whereas the RV systolic function was determined by the tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). Restrictive physiology of the RV was determined by presence of antegrade flow across the pulmonary valve during diastole. RESULTS: Sixty four patients were enrolled in the study, 7 in group I and 57 in group II. The median follow-up time after the surgery was 6.5 years, which was 3 years in group I and 7 years in group II (p < 0.01). All patients in group I (100%) and 45 (80.4%) in group II had moderate or severe PR. The severity of PR, the RV and LV systolic functions were not statistically significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.01). The median of the LVFS was 32.4 per cent, and of the TAPSE was 10.5 mm. There was no restrictive physiology of the RV in all patients. There were no significant correlations between symptoms, CT-ratio, QRS duration and the severity of PR. CONCLUSIONS: The pericardial monocusp could neither reduce severity of PR nor improve right and left ventricular functions after 3 years follow-up post-operatively. However, the right and left ventricular performances in mid-term period remained insignificantly changed and severity of PR could not be predicted from symptoms and simple laboratory investigations.

Myocardial diseases in Thai children.

Myocardial diseases are among the important causes of mortality and morbidity in children. This drew the authors attention to the study of myocardial diseases in children to find out the outcome, factors affecting the outcome, and management strategies. The authors retrospectively studied children who had been diagnosed with primary myocardial diseases at six university hospitals in Thailand from January 1996 to December 2000. The total number of cases was 209 which accounted for 1.2 per cent of cardiovascular diseases in children. The patients' ages ranged from 0.1-15 years. These myocardial diseases included dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) 45 per cent, acute myocarditis 27.3 per cent, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) 18.2 per cent, hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) 8.1 per cent and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) 1.4 per cent. Fifty-six per cent of the patients were female. Congestive heart failure was the most common presenting symptom (75%). Median ejection fraction (EF) of acute myocarditis was 42 per cent (15-79%) which was significantly higher than DCM (33.5%, 10-57%). Serum cardiac troponin T (cTnT) was also significantly higher in acute myocarditis than in DCM (0.08 ng/ml, 0.01-0.16 vs 0.01 ng/ml, 0.01-0.10). Within the follow-up period of 1 year (0.1-5.5 years), the mortality rates were 18.8 per cent, 17.0 per cent, 5.4 per cent and 33.3 per cent in DCM, acute myocarditis, HCM and RCM respectively. Factors associated with the mortality rate in acute myocarditis were admission to ICU and low left ventricular EF at presentation while IVIG administration and cTnT level did not. Conclusion: Primary myocardial diseases are uncommon. Most of the patients had compromised cardiovascular reserve. Admission to ICU and low EF were factors that affected the mortality in acute myocarditis while intravenous immunoglobulin administration did not. Mortality rate in the subacute follow-up period was high in all groups.